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Solar panel angles in China

Optimal fixed-panel tilt and orientation for 12 cities in China, computed from solar geometry.

CityLatitudeOptimal tiltFacingFlat roof keeps
Shanghai 31.22°N 27° south 91%
Beijing 39.91°N 34° south 86%
Shenzhen 22.55°N 20° south 95%
Guangzhou 23.12°N 20° south 95%
Chengdu 30.67°N 27° south 91%
Tianjin 39.14°N 33° south 87%
Wuhan 30.58°N 27° south 91%
Dongguan 23.02°N 20° south 95%
Xi’an 34.26°N 30° south 89%
Daxing’anling 52.33°N 43° south 78%
Heihe 50.24°N 41° south 80%
Jiagedaqi 50.42°N 42° south 79%

How these angles are calculated