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Solar panel angles in Saudi Arabia

Optimal fixed-panel tilt and orientation for 9 cities in Saudi Arabia, computed from solar geometry.

CityLatitudeOptimal tiltFacingFlat roof keeps
Jeddah 21.49°N 19° south 96%
Riyadh 24.69°N 22° south 94%
Makkah 21.43°N 19° south 95%
Madinah 24.47°N 22° south 94%
Dammam 26.43°N 23° south 93%
Sulţānah 24.49°N 22° south 94%
Buraydah 26.33°N 24° south 93%
Ta’if 21.27°N 20° south 95%
Tabuk 28.40°N 26° south 92%

How these angles are calculated