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Solar panel angles in Russia

Optimal fixed-panel tilt and orientation for 32 cities in Russia, computed from solar geometry.

CityLatitudeOptimal tiltFacingFlat roof keeps
Moscow 55.75°N 45° south 77%
Saint Petersburg 59.94°N 46° south 76%
Novosibirsk 55.02°N 44° south 77%
Yekaterinburg 56.86°N 46° south 76%
Nizhniy Novgorod 56.33°N 45° south 76%
Kazan 55.79°N 44° south 77%
Chelyabinsk 55.16°N 45° south 77%
Omsk 54.99°N 44° south 77%
Samara 53.21°N 43° south 78%
Rostov-on-Don 47.22°N 39° south 82%
Ufa 54.74°N 44° south 77%
Krasnoyarsk 56.04°N 45° south 76%
Voronezh 51.67°N 42° south 79%
Volgograd 48.71°N 40° south 81%
Perm 58.01°N 46° south 76%
Krasnodar 45.05°N 38° south 83%
Saratov 51.54°N 42° south 79%
Tyumen 57.15°N 45° south 76%
Tolyatti 53.53°N 43° south 78%
Izhevsk 56.85°N 45° south 76%
Barnaul 53.36°N 43° south 78%
Ulyanovsk 54.33°N 44° south 77%
Irkutsk 52.30°N 43° south 78%
Khabarovsk 48.46°N 40° south 81%
Yaroslavl 57.63°N 46° south 76%
Tomsk 56.50°N 45° south 76%
Orenburg 51.77°N 42° south 79%
Kemerovo 55.35°N 44° south 77%
Novokuznetsk 53.76°N 44° south 77%
Ryazan’ 54.63°N 44° south 77%
Penza 53.20°N 43° south 78%
Naberezhnyye Chelny 55.74°N 45° south 77%

How these angles are calculated